Research

This article reviews data from a national Pew Research survey exploring public intent to get vaccinated.

This MMWR describes demographic and social factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine access for older adults and encourages prioritizing efforts to ensure equitable access.

The Native American community continues to have disproportionate infections, hospitalizations and deaths from COVID-19. In response to delays in contact tracing, community members were included as investigators and contact tracers and monitoring was increased, leading to greater understanding of the impact of homelessness and shared-living spaces on transmission and allowing for targeted interventions.

This retrospective cohort study used electronic health records to compare age- and sex-adjusted relative risk of COVID-19 testing, cases, hospitalizations and intensive-level care among Hispanic, Black or African American, Asian and Pacific Islander populations versus White populations before and after adjusting for comorbidities and body weight status. Their results showed that even after adjustment for known COVID-19 risk factors persons of color continue to have a substantially higher risk for hospitalization and requiring intensive-level care.

This CDC MMWR provides data from 13 states regarding emergency department visits for COVID-19 by race and ethnicity and describes implications for public health practice.

This CDC MMWR explores the portion of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 amongst racial and ethnic minorities and explores the implications for public health practice. 

Aggregate analyses indicate that COVID-19 incidence and mortality are higher among American Indian/Alaska Native individuals, according to this CDC MMWR.

In April 2020, a larger percentage of high-incidence U.S. counties had large Asian and Black populations; in August, a larger percentage of high-incidence counties had large Black and Hispanic populations; and by December, 99.1% of all counties reported high incidence, according to this CDC MMWR. 

In the first 2.5 months of the U.S. vaccination program, high-social-vulnerability counties had lower COVID-19 vaccination coverage, indicating racial, ethnic and economic disparities in access, according to this CDC MMWR.

U.S. disparities in infections were substantial during January-April and generally decreased during May-December 2020, according to this CDC MMWR. The largest persistent disparities were among Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders, American Indian or Alaska Natives, and Hispanic Americans.

A collection of data maintained by KFF to examine whether some groups face disparities in vaccination.

Among those with demographic data, 63.0% were women, 55.0% were aged ≥50 years, and 60.4% were non-Hispanic white, according to this CDC MMWR.

CDC statistics on COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths categorized by race and ethnicity.

CDC MMWR finding that people aged ≥65 years and members of minority racial and ethnic groups are disproportionately represented among COVID-19–associated deaths.

The authors highlight how minority populations are disproportionately impacted by comorbidities associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes while providing a framework for addressing disparities.

County-level data obtained from the CDC by the New York Times.

August 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation analysis of U.S. cases, deaths, hospitalizations, and testing by race and ethnicity.

CDC’s August 21 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report finds disproportionately high case numbers among Hispanic and nonwhite workers in manufacturing, wholesale trade, and construction sectors.

CDC Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report showing large racial/ethnic disparities in mortality rates among Americans younger than age 21.

Study published July 9 in the Annals of the American Thoracic Society.

Drs. Jasmine Marcelin, Magdala Chery, Jacinda Abdul and Jessica Queen discuss systemic barriers brought to light by COVID-19 and how health care providers can respond.

This report deals with the critical issue of how to educate the best doctors, provide the most effective health care and build the most effective health care systems.

This study examines how perceptions of past racism and classism in health care settings may negatively impact the tone of patient-provider communication.

This book from the National Academy of Medicine (formally The Institute for Medicine) focuses on confronting disparities in healthcare.

This article explores the real impacts patients experience if physicians and other health care providers don’t recognize their own implicit biases.

This glossary of terms provides a set of basic working definitions to facilitate shared discussions.

This article addresses the value of diversity, the data on inclusion and diversity in science and approaches to fostering greater diversity.

This American Academy of Family Physicians project provides resources to help increase diversity among family physicians.